The amine transmitters are not yet completely characterized functionally, but what is known is quite different than the known actions of the amino acids. Except for the cholinergic nicotinic receptor, whose receptor is directly a part of its activated cation ion channel, the other amines act at receptors that are indirectly coupled to ion channels, and influence their ion flow through intermediate regulatory proteins, such as the "G*" (guanine) binding proteins that can activate or inhibit second messenger generating enzymes, such as adenylate cyclase.